.. DO NOT EDIT. .. THIS FILE WAS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED BY SPHINX-GALLERY. .. TO MAKE CHANGES, EDIT THE SOURCE PYTHON FILE: .. "auto_examples/09_kuramoto_delayed_network.py" .. LINE NUMBERS ARE GIVEN BELOW. .. only:: html .. note:: :class: sphx-glr-download-link-note :ref:`Go to the end ` to download the full example code. .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-example-title .. _sphx_glr_auto_examples_09_kuramoto_delayed_network.py: Kuramoto network with delayed coupling: what transmission delay does ========================================================================== Extends :ref:`05_kuramoto_sync.py `'s zero-delay synchronization sweep to a *delayed* Kuramoto network -- the same 6-oscillator, heterogeneous- frequency, all-to-all system, but now each oscillator feels its neighbors' phases as they were ``tau`` time units ago rather than instantaneously, via ``dtheta_i/dt = omega_i + (G/N) sum_j sin(theta_j(t-tau) - theta_i(t))``. Runs the same ``G`` sweep two ways -- zero delay (exactly :ref:`05_kuramoto_sync.py `) and ``tau=0.3`` (the delayed/DDE engine) -- and overlays ``lambda_2`` from both, since ``lambda_2`` is what tracks synchronization (see :ref:`05_kuramoto_sync.py `'s docstring for why: ``lambda_1`` is pinned to 0 by the model's exact rotational symmetry and never signals anything). **What to expect, and why.** At ``G=0`` both delayed and undelayed networks are decoupled oscillators (``dtheta/dt=omega``, state-independent regardless of delay), so *every* exponent is exactly 0 either way -- this is checked numerically below, not just asserted. Away from ``G=0``, a finite transmission delay is well known (e.g. in Kuramoto-with-delay studies) to act against synchronization: information about a neighbor's phase arrives stale, weakening the effective restoring force, so reaching the same degree of lock (same ``lambda_2``) generally needs *more* coupling with delay than without. Whether that shift is large or small here is an empirical question this script answers for these specific parameters, not a foregone conclusion -- read the printed/plotted ``lambda_2`` curves rather than assuming the story below. **The machinery.** Both runs share the same ``ModelSpec``/dfun (``"omega + c"``) and ``kuramoto_coupling`` callable as :ref:`05_kuramoto_sync.py `, wired through one shared ``lyapax.Network`` topology object -- ``lyapax.coupling`` builders are plain callables with no delay opinion baked in, so the same coupling function works whether the state it receives is instantaneous or delayed. The delay-0 run goes through ``lyapax.network_problem`` + ``lyapax.lyapunov_spectrum``, the same front door :ref:`05_kuramoto_sync.py ` itself now uses, so the two produce exactly the same numbers; the delayed run goes through ``lyapax.network_dde_problem(..., tau=tau)`` (the *uniform*-delay branch -- a single global ``tau`` shared by every edge, not the per-edge ``delay_steps`` matrix from :ref:`08_delayed_coupling.py `) + ``lyapax.lyapunov_spectrum_dde``. Both problem constructors are thin wrappers that build the ring buffer and resolve ``tau`` to whole ``dt`` steps for you -- see :ref:`12_public_api_overview.py ` for the general problem-object recipe. Note: like :ref:`05_kuramoto_sync.py `, this sweeps ``G`` with a Python loop, one ``lyapunov_spectrum[_dde]`` call per point (see :ref:`11_vmap_parameter_sweep.py ` for the batched-``vmap`` alternative on the zero-delay engine). The delayed engine's tangent propagation costs O(k) forward passes per raw step (via ``jax.jvp``/``jax.vmap``, not a dense Jacobian -- see ``lyapax/dde.py``'s module docstring), which is why this is tractable at all despite the ring buffer adding ``horizon * n_nodes`` extra tangent-carried dimensions per node. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 69-85 .. code-block:: Python import os os.environ["JAX_PLATFORMS"] = "cpu" import time import jax import jax.numpy as jnp import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np jax.config.update("jax_enable_x64", True) import lyapax from lyapax.coupling import kuramoto_coupling from lyapax.simulator import ModelSpec, Parameter, StateVar, build_jax_dfun .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 86-140 .. code-block:: Python n_nodes = 6 omega = jnp.linspace(-1.0, 1.0, n_nodes) weights = jnp.ones((n_nodes, n_nodes)) - jnp.eye(n_nodes) model = ModelSpec( name="kuramoto", state_variables=(StateVar("theta", default_init=0.0),), parameters=(Parameter("omega", 0.0),), cvar=("theta",), dfun_str={"theta": "omega + c"}, ) dfun = build_jax_dfun(model) network = lyapax.Network(weights=weights, cvar_indices=model.cvar_indices) dt = 1e-2 tau = 0.3 state0 = jnp.linspace(0.0, 2 * jnp.pi, n_nodes, endpoint=False) G_values = np.linspace(0.0, 4.0, 9) lambda2_nodelay, lambda2_delayed = [], [] t0 = time.perf_counter() for G in G_values: params = {"omega": omega, "G": float(G)} # -- zero delay: exactly 05_kuramoto_sync.py's engine, via the network_problem front door -- problem_nodelay = lyapax.network_problem( dfun, network, kuramoto_coupling(alpha=0.0), params=params, state0=state0, dt=dt, ) result_nodelay = lyapax.lyapunov_spectrum( problem_nodelay, n_steps=4_000, renorm_every=10, k=2, t_transient=20.0, ) lambda2_nodelay.append(float(result_nodelay.exponents[1])) # -- uniform delay tau=0.3: the DDE engine, via network_dde_problem -- problem_delayed = lyapax.network_dde_problem( dfun, network, kuramoto_coupling(alpha=0.0), params=params, state0=state0.reshape(1, n_nodes), dt=dt, tau=tau, integrator="heun", ) result_delayed = lyapax.lyapunov_spectrum_dde( problem_delayed, n_steps=4_000, k=2, renorm_every=10, t_transient=20.0, ) lambda2_delayed.append(float(result_delayed.exponents[1])) elapsed = time.perf_counter() - t0 print(f"swept {len(G_values)} values of G (2 engines each) in {elapsed:.1f}s " f"({elapsed / (2 * len(G_values)):.2f}s/run)") print(f"G=0 sanity check (should be exactly 0 either way): " f"no-delay lambda2={lambda2_nodelay[0]:.2e}, " f"delayed lambda2={lambda2_delayed[0]:.2e}") for G, l2_nd, l2_d in zip(G_values, lambda2_nodelay, lambda2_delayed): print(f" G={G:.2f} lambda2 (no delay)={l2_nd:+.4f} lambda2 (tau={tau})={l2_d:+.4f}") .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-script-out .. code-block:: none swept 9 values of G (2 engines each) in 11.6s (0.65s/run) G=0 sanity check (should be exactly 0 either way): no-delay lambda2=0.00e+00, delayed lambda2=0.00e+00 G=0.00 lambda2 (no delay)=+0.0000 lambda2 (tau=0.3)=+0.0000 G=0.50 lambda2 (no delay)=+0.0201 lambda2 (tau=0.3)=+0.0150 G=1.00 lambda2 (no delay)=+0.0278 lambda2 (tau=0.3)=-0.0313 G=1.50 lambda2 (no delay)=-0.2609 lambda2 (tau=0.3)=-0.1435 G=2.00 lambda2 (no delay)=-1.3269 lambda2 (tau=0.3)=-2.3753 G=2.50 lambda2 (no delay)=-1.9984 lambda2 (tau=0.3)=-1.7780 G=3.00 lambda2 (no delay)=-2.5959 lambda2 (tau=0.3)=-1.3454 G=3.50 lambda2 (no delay)=-3.1621 lambda2 (tau=0.3)=-0.9620 G=4.00 lambda2 (no delay)=-3.7121 lambda2 (tau=0.3)=-0.6362 .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 141-151 .. code-block:: Python fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 4)) ax.plot(G_values, lambda2_nodelay, "o-", label=r"$\lambda_2$, no delay") ax.plot(G_values, lambda2_delayed, "s-", label=rf"$\lambda_2$, $\tau={tau}$") ax.axhline(0.0, color="gray", lw=0.5) ax.set_xlabel("coupling strength G") ax.set_ylabel(r"$\lambda_2$ (synchronization strength)") ax.set_title("Kuramoto network: delay's effect on synchronization") ax.legend() fig.tight_layout() plt.show() .. image-sg:: /auto_examples/images/sphx_glr_09_kuramoto_delayed_network_001.png :alt: Kuramoto network: delay's effect on synchronization :srcset: /auto_examples/images/sphx_glr_09_kuramoto_delayed_network_001.png :class: sphx-glr-single-img .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-timing **Total running time of the script:** (0 minutes 11.759 seconds) .. _sphx_glr_download_auto_examples_09_kuramoto_delayed_network.py: .. only:: html .. container:: sphx-glr-footer sphx-glr-footer-example .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-jupyter :download:`Download Jupyter notebook: 09_kuramoto_delayed_network.ipynb <09_kuramoto_delayed_network.ipynb>` .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-python :download:`Download Python source code: 09_kuramoto_delayed_network.py <09_kuramoto_delayed_network.py>` .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-zip :download:`Download zipped: 09_kuramoto_delayed_network.zip <09_kuramoto_delayed_network.zip>` .. only:: html .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-signature `Gallery generated by Sphinx-Gallery `_